英语基础语法快速入门——there be句式
一、概说
所谓存在句,就是指表示某处存在有某人或某物的一类句型,这类句型的典型结构是there be…这类表达,所以存在句在通常情况下指的就是there be句型。如:
There is a garden atthe back of the house. 房子背后有一座花园。
There are fewer boysthan girls in my class. 我班上男生比女生少。
there be句型中的there为引导词,无词义;be为谓语动词,根据情况可以有单复数的变化,也可以有不同的时态变化;there be后面的名词为句子主语。
表示某处存在有某人或某物是存在句最基本的用法,在实际运用中,它可以有更广的用法。如:
There are not enoughpeople to do the job. 干这工作人手不够。
There are a lot ofthings I’d like to ask you. 有好些事我想问你的。
There are other waysof doing this exercise. 还有别的办法做这个练习。
这几个句子中的there be句型并不具体表明某处存在有某事物,可视为there be句型基本结构的延伸用法。
二、there be的谓语问题
1.主谓一致
若there be只有一个主语,谓语的数则取决于该主语的数;若有几个主语并列,则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a bus stopclose to the school. 在学校附近有一个公共汽车站。
There are hairs onyour jacket. 你的上衣上有几根头发。
There is a pen andsome books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2.时态问题
there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现,它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式。如:
There was a hospitalnearby. 附近有一家医院。
There has been norain this week. 这个星期一直没下雨。
There will besomething you can enjoy. 会有你喜欢的东西。
3.连用情态动词
there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用,此时情态动词应放在there与be之间。如:
There must be amistake. 一定是弄错了。
There can’t be anyonewaiting outside. 不会有人在外面等候。
There might still behope. 可能还有希望。
4.there be的变体
有时根据句子的需要,我们也可将there be中的动词be 换为 live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand,lie, come等。如:
There comes a bus. 来了一辆公共汽车。
There remained justthirty pounds. 只剩30英镑了。
There seems to besomething wrong here. 这儿好像有点不大对劲。
At the top of thehill there stands an old temple. 在小山顶上有一座古庙。
三、否定式与疑问式
1.否定式
there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如:
There is not anybread left. 没有一点面包了。
There isn’t anythingI can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词,通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后。如:
There can’t be somany mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。
There shouldn’t beany doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
There haven’t beenany parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
2.疑问式
there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如:
Is there any goodfilm on? 映什么好电影吗?
Is there room for mein the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?
Are there any lettersfor me? 有我的信吗?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词,通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式。如:
Has there been anaccident? 出事了吗?
Have there been anynew developments? 有什么新的发展吗?
Can there have beenso much rain there?那儿会下过那么多雨吗?
四、there be的非谓语形式
there be结构的非谓语形式有两种,即there being和there to be。
1.there being结构
该结构在句子中主要用作状语。如:
There being nothingto do, I went to bed. 因为没事可做,所以我就上床睡觉了。
There being no taxiavailable, he had to walk home. 由于没有计程车可搭,他只好步行回家。
这类结构有时可与状语从句转换,如上面两句也可作如下改写:
As there was nothingto do, I went to bed.
As there was no taxiavailable, he had to walk home.
另外,there being结构还可用作介词宾语。如:
What’s the chance ofthere being an election this year? 今年举行选举的可能性有多大?
No one would havedreamed of there being such a good place. 没有人会梦想到竟有这样一个地方。
2.there to be 结构
主要用作动词宾语。可接该结构可用作动词的动词不多,常见的like,prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 等。如:
I don’t want there tobe any more trouble. 我不想再有任何麻烦了。
Students hate thereto be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
We expect there to bemore discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
注意,在let there be结构中,动词be不带to。如:
Let there be nomistake about it. 不要误解我的意思。
Let there be nomistake about it. 这事不要出错。
另外,there to be 结构还可用作介词for的宾语。注意了,用作介词宾语一般用there being,但用作介词for的宾语时,却要用there to be。比较:
It was too late forthere to be any buses. 太晚了,不会有公共汽车了。
Theyasked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
五、there be+名词+非谓语动词
1.there be+宾语+现在分词
现在分词表示主动关系,同时表示动作正在进行。如:
There is someonewaiting for him. 有人在等他。
There was a manstanding in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。
There were some childrenswimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
有时现在分词不表示动作在进行,而表示一种状态或现状。如:
There’s a pianostanding against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。
There’re a lot ofdifficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
There is a doorleading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。
正如come, go, leave, move 等表示位置移动的短暂性动词的进行时态可表示将来意义一样,“there be+名词+现在分词”也可以表示将来意义。如:
There are ten peoplecoming to dinner. 有十个人来吃晚饭。
There were about 300people moving to the new factory in the south. 大约有300人要搬到南方的新厂去。
2.there be+宾语+过去分词
过去分词表示一种被动关系,同时表示动作已经发生。如:
There was nobody injured.没有人受伤。
There is nothingwritten on it. 上面没写东西。
There were ten peoplekilled in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。
Inthis book, there are some texts learnt before. 在这本书里面,有些课文以前学过。
有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)。如:
There were some oldmen seated (=who were seated) in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。
There is a red carparked (=which is parked) outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
3.there be+宾语+不定式
不定式通常表示动作尚未发生。如:
There was nobody tolook after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。
There was a largecrowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。
There was so much tolose that we couldn’t take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失,因此我们不能冒险。
当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时,可用主动表被动,也可用被动式。如:
There is much work todo [to be done]. 有许多工作要做。
但有时含义有差别——不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb。如:
There is nothing todo. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意)
There is nothing tobe done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)
There is nothing tosee. 没什么可看的。(即不值一看)
There is nothing tobe seen. 没看见什么。(指没东西看)
六、There isno+动名词
1.表示否定
此时表示“不可能……”“无法……”。如:
There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
There’s no tellingwhat will happen. 无法说得上将发生什么。
Thereis no knowing what he will do next. 无法知道他下一步要干什么。
2.表示不允许
此时表示“不许……”“不准……”。如:
There is nophotographing here. 这里不许拍照。
Sorry, there is nosmoking in the waiting room. 对不起,等候室不许吸烟。
七、There isno+名词+indoing sth
1.名词为difficulty
There is nodifficulty in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有困难”。如:
Thereis no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的办公室没费一点劲。
Therewas no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 执行这项计划没什么困难。
2.名词为harm
There is no harm indoing sth的意思是“做某事没有害处”。如:
There’s no harm inyour coming early. 你早到没有害处。
He may not be able tohelp but there’s no harm in asking him. 他可能帮不了忙,但是求他一下倒也无妨。
3.名词为point
There is no point indoing sth的意思是“做某事没有用或没有必要”。如:
There’sno point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。
There’sno point in telling her about this. 把这情况告诉她没有用。
There’s no pointgetting impatient with her; she’ll finish the job in her own good time. 不必跟她着急,她自己能找时间完成工作的。
4.名词为sense
There is no sense indoing sth的意思是“做某事没有道理或好处”。如:
There’sno sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
There’sno sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是没有道理的。
There’s no sense inmaking him angry. 惹他生气是没有道理的。
5.名词为use
There is no use indoing sth的意思是“做某事没有用或好处”。如:
There is no use intrying to help him. 设法要帮助他也没有用。
There’s no use incomplaining; they won’t do anything about it. 发牢骚也没用,他们是不会对这件事采取措施的。
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